The membranous contact quotient: A new phonatory measure of glottal competence

The membranous contact quotient (MCQ) is introduced as a measure of dynamic glottal competence. It is defined as the ratio of the membranous contact glottis (the anterior-posterior length of contact between the two membranous vocal folds) and the membranous vocal fold length. An elliptical approximation to the vocal fold contour during phonation was used to predict MCQ values as a function of vocal process gap (adduction), maximum glottal width, and membranous glottal length. MCQ is highly dependent on the vocal process gap and the maximum glottal width, but not on vocal fold length. Five excised larynges were used to obtain MCQ data for a wide range of vocal process gaps and maximum glottal widths. Predicted and measured MCQ values had a correlation of 0.93, with an average absolute difference of 9.6% (SD = 10.5%). The model is better at higher values of MCQ. The theory for MCQ is also expressed as a function of vocal process gap and subglottal pressure to suggest production control potential. The MCQ measure is obtainable with the use of stroboscopy and appears to be a potentially useful clinical measure.     

Ultrastructural immunogold localization of major sperm protein (MSP) in spermatogenic cells of the nematode Acrobeles complexus (Nematoda,Rhabditida)

The nematode spermatozoa represent a highly modified (aberrant) type of male gametes that lack a flagellum but for which the process of spermatogenesis culminates in the production of a crawling spermatozoon on the basis of the cytoskeletal component known as “major sperm protein”, or MSP. MSP is also known as an important hormone triggering oocyte maturation and ovulation in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where this protein was first identified. However, direct evidence of MSP localization and of its fate in nematode spermatogenic cells is rare. In this study, the spermatogenesis and sperm structure in the rhabditid nematode Acrobeles complexus (Rhabditida: Tylenchina: Cephalobomorpha: Cephaloboidea: Cephalobidae) has been examined with electron microscopy. Morphological observations were followed by high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution fixation which allows post-embedding immunogold localization of MSP in all stages of sperm development using antibodies raised for MSP of C. elegans. In spermatocytes, synthetic activity results in the development of specific cellular components, fibrous bodies (FB) and membranous organelles (MO), which appear as FB-MO complexes where the filamentous matter of FB has been MSP-labeled. The spermatids subdivide into a residual body with superfluous cytoplasm, and a main cell body which contains nucleus, mitochondria and FB-MO complexes. These complexes dissociate into individual components, MO and FB, with the MSP being localized in FB. Immature spermatozoa from testes are opaque cells where a centrally located nucleus is surrounded by mitochondria, MO and FB clustered together, the MSP still being localized only in FB. Cytoplasm of mature spermatozoa from spermatheca is segregated into external pseudopods lacking organelles and a central cluster of mitochondria with intact MO surrounding the central nucleus. The FB ultimately disappear, and the MSP labeling becomes concentrated in the filamentous content of pseudopods and cytoplasm of the main cell body. Although the spermatogenesis and sperm structure of A. complexus is similar to that of many other rhabditid nematodes, their intact MO makes the morphology of the mature spermatozoa distinct from the “rhabditid pattern” and may be considered as a synapomorphy. The MSP localization in spermatogenic cells of A. complexus also follows the “rhabditid pattern” described in C. elegans and Ascaris spp. Our results and techniques of MSP labeling of A. complexus spermatogeneous cells reveal new possibilities to elucidate different research questions on MSP localization in nematodes related to C. elegans. Furthermore, the laboratory-cultured A. complexus strains can be used as a new and fascinating model to study MO and MSP functions in nematode reproduction.     

Performance analysis in multi-channels ellipsoid structure wireless optical communications

Wireless optical is categorized as a last mile solution for the sake of complementing the Gigabits network solution. Recently, multi-channels wireless optical (WO) has been introduced to increase the coverage and the link range up to kilometers and reduce other possible losses. This paper proposed a multi-channels ellipsoid structure by analyzing a transmission distance by incorporating the number of aligned transceiver. The performance of conventional single channel and multi-channels WO are also compared and the analysis showed that the WO system with increment of number of transceiver pairs (number of channels) is performing better, having low geometrical path loss, higher received power and link margin.     

大豆分离蛋白接枝改性与应用研究进展

随着人们对环保问题和新材料发展的日益重视,大豆分离蛋白由于其生物可降解性、营养价值高、对人体与环境无害、来源广泛等特点而倍受关注.本文介绍了大豆分离蛋白的接枝改性方法及在食品添加剂、包装膜和医用外敷膜材料的基料以及化妆品中的应用,并综述了国内外在改善膜的应用特性方面取得的研究进展.     

Determination of Free and Total Underivatized Amino Acids Including L-Canavanine in Bitter Vetch Seeds Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography

A new hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography method coupled with diode-array detector was developed for the determination of 17 underivatized amino acids including L-canavanine in bitter vetch [Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.] seeds. Amino acids were extracted as free as well as total extracts after acid hydrolysis, followed by chromatographic separation on a Zorbax Rx-SIL column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/potassium phosphate buffer (12.5?mM; pH 3.0) using gradient elution and detection at 190?nm. The method is characterized by a wide linear range (0.01–200?µg/mL, r?>?0.9987), sufficient accuracy (relative error 86.3–109.1%), and suitable precision for the results (relative standard deviation <4.9% in the case of intra-day and <9.8% in the case of inter-day precision). The limits of detection and quantification for free amino acids ranged from 0.01 to 0.24?mg/g and 0.03 to 0.72?mg/g, respectively, whereas the total amino acids ranged from 0.02 to 0.47?mg/g and 0.07 to 1.43?mg/g, respectively. The mean recoveries of free and total amino acids in spiked samples exceeded 70.3% for most amino acids. The mean total content of free and total amino acids in bitter vetch seeds was 1.71 and 14.88?g/100?g seed, whereas the corresponding values for canavanine were 0.07 and 0.19?g/100?g seed, respectively.     

High-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution fixation reveal the ultrastructure of immature and mature spermatozoa of the plant-parasitic nematode Trichodorus similis (Nematoda; Triplonchida; Trichodoridae)

The spermatozoa from testis and spermatheca of the plant-parasitic nematode Trichodorus similis Seinhorst, 1963 (Nematoda; Triplonchida; Trichodoridae) were studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), being the first study on spermatogenesis of a representative of the order Triplonchida and important to unravel nematode sperm evolution. Comprehensive results could only be obtained using high-pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze-substitution instead of chemical fixation, demonstrating the importance of cryo-fixation for nematode ultrastructural research. The spermatozoa from the testis (immature spermatozoa) are unpolarized cells covered by numerous filopodia. They contain a centrally-located nucleus without a nuclear envelope, surrounded by mitochondria. Specific fibrous bodies (FB) as long parallel bundles of filaments occupy the peripheral cytoplasm. No structures resembling membranous organelles (MO), as found in the sperm of many other nematodes, were observed in immature spermatozoa of T. similis. The spermatozoa from the uterus (mature or activated spermatozoa) are bipolar cells with an anterior pseudopod and posterior main cell body (MCB), which include a nucleus, mitochondria and MO appearing as large vesicles with finger-like invaginations of the outer cell membrane, or as large vesicles connected to the inner cell membrane. The peripheral MO open to the exterior via pores. In the mature sperm, neither FBs nor filopodia were observed. An important feature of T. similis spermatozoa is the late formation of MO; they first appear in mature spermatozoa. This pattern of MO formation is known for several other orders of the nematode class Enoplea: Enoplida, Mermithida, Dioctophymatida, Trichinellida but has never been observed in the class Chromadorea.     

电子商务物流最后一公里配送的碳排放研究

物流是社会生产活动中的耗能大户。近年来,电子商务行业的快速发展促使电子商务物流成为社会物流活动中重要的一部分,因而有效降低电子商务物流活动中每个环节的碳排放量对于改善社会环境、提高人类生活水平有巨大的作用。本文基于车辆载重会对耗油量产生影响的前提,采用了VRP(Vehicle Routing Problem)以及聚类分析等多种模型分别优化计算现有的各种配送模式下的车辆能耗,以解决电商物流中最后一公里的配送问题。然后,利用公式计算各种模式的总能耗和碳排放量,进而对比分析不同配送模式下的碳排放量和主要影响因素。研究表明,不同配送模式的碳排放量及关键影响因素各不相同。不仅如此,本文还基于环保视角对最后一公里的配送问题提供了重要参考意见。     

沙打旺中两种新三萜化合物

沙打旺(Astragalus Adsurgens Pall)是豆科黄芪属植物,我们对其化学成分和毒性成分进行了研究,从中分出2个新的四环三萜类化合物9和10.本文报道它们的分离鉴定工作。 1 新化合物的特征 化合物9:白色粉末,m.p.249～251℃,[a]_D~(20):—47.06°(C 0.34,CHCl_3),HRMS(M~+)m/z:486.3345,结合元素分析,分子式定为C_(30)H_(46)O_5.IR(cm~(-1))示有3367～3567(—OH),1724,1740(C—O,五元环);~1H NMR(δppm,CDCl_3,TMS),1.07～1.37处有7个—CH_3,0.44(1H,d,J=4.49 Hz),0.65(1H,d,J=4.48 Hz)AB型偶合系统和IR 3050cm~(-1),提示分     

Rapid quantification of cyanamide by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography in fertilizer,soil or plant samples

A rapid and simple method for determination of cyanamide in fertilizer, soil and plants has been developed. In this method, cyanamide is extracted with 2% acetic acid and the extract separated by centrifugation. It is then purified by passing through a membrane filter. The extract was derivatized with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate and the derivatized compound separated by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is then detected with a UV detector at 260 nm by the same method as is used for amino acid analysis. The proposed method is fast, simple and cheap and also has good selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of cyanamide in a wide range of biotic and abiotic materials.